ICS FA Notes Computer Science Part 2 Chapter 4 Data Integrity and Normalization Short Questions 2nd Year Notes Online Taleem Ilm Hub
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Q 1. What is meant by entity integrity?
Q 2. What is referential integrity?
Ans. It is a constraint on foreign key. If a foreign exists in a relation then either the foreign key value must match the primary key value of some tuple in its parent table or the foreign key value must be completely NULL.
Q 3. What is redundancy?
Ans. Redundancy appears when same data values are stored more than once in a table. It is also called redundancy if the same values are stored in more than one table.
Q 4. What is normalization?
Ans. Normalization is s process of converting complex data structures into simple and stable data structures. It is a technique for reviewing the list of entities and their attributes to ensure that attributes are stored from where they belong. In other words we can say that it is a process of analyzing the dependencies of attributes within entities.
Q 5. What is repeating group?
Ans. Repeating group is a set of one or more data items that may occur a variable number of times in a tuple.
Q 6. What are database anomalies?
Ans. These are certain situations created when one or more records are deleted, modified or inserted in the database and the databases goes into an inconsistent state.
Q 7. What is insertion anomaly?
Ans. Insertion anomaly occurs when a new record is inserted in the relation. In this anomaly user cannot insert a fact about an entity until he has an additional fact about another entity.
Q 8. What is deletion anomaly?
Ans. The deletion anomaly occurs when a record is deleted. In this anomaly the deletion of a record automatically deletes the fact of another entity.
Q 9. What is modification anomaly?
Ans. The modification anomaly occurs when the record is updated in the relation. In this case the modification in the value of specific attribute requires modification in all records in which that value occurs.
Q 10. What is partial dependency?
Ans. A type of dependency in which one or more non-key attributes are functionally dependent on a part of primary key.
Q 11. What is transitive dependency?
Ans. The transitive dependency is a type of functional dependency between two or more non-key attributes. It exists if a non-key attribute depends on any other non-key attribute.
Q 12. What is integrity constraint?
Ans. Integrity means the correctness and consistency of the data. Integrity is usually expressed in terms of certain constraints which are the consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. Integrity is also concerned with the quality of data. Integrity is maintained with the help of integrity constraints. These constraints are the rules that are designed to keep data consistent and correct.
Q 13. What is 1st Normal form?
Ans. A relation is in 1st normal form if and only if all underlying domain contain atomic values only. Each cell should contain only one value and relation does not contain any repeating group.
Q 14. What is 2nd Normal form?
Ans. A relation is in 2nd normal form if it is in 1st normal form and every non-key attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key. All on-key attribute must depend on primary key.
Following are a few conditions for 2nd normal form.
- The primary key consist of only one attribute.
- No non-key attributes exist in the relation.
- Every non-key attribute is functionally dependent on the primary key.
Q 15. What is 3rd Normal form?
Ans. A relation is in 3rd normal form if it is in 2nd normal form and no transitive dependencies exist. Transitive dependency is a functional dependency between two or more non-key attributes of a relation.
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