FSc ICS Notes Physics XI Short Questions & Definitions Chapter 6 Fluid Dynamics 1st Year Physics Notes Online Taleem Ilm Hub
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Dynamics: The branch of Mechanics which deals with the
motion of bodies under the influence of one or more forces.
Fluid: A substance that takes the shape of the vessel containing it; a collective term including liquids and gases.
Fluid dynamics: The study of gases and liquids in motion.
Acetone (or propane) [CH3 CO CH3]: A colourless flammable volatile compound.
Methanol (Methyl alcohol) [CH3OH]: A colourless liquid. It is made by catalytic oxidation of methane (from natural gas) using air.
Benzene [C6 H6 ]: A colourless liquid hydrocarbon. It is now made from gasoline from petroleum. (formerly obtained from coal tar)
Ethanol (or Ethyl alcohol) [C2 H5 OH]: A colourless water soluble alcohol. It is the active principle in intoxicating drinks, in which it is produced by fermentation of sugar using yeast.
Glycerine (or glycerol) [HOCH2CH(OH)]: A tri-hydric alcohol. It is a colourless sweet-tasting viscous liquid, mixable with water.
Law of conservation of mass (in fluids): The total inward mass flowing through a pipe is equal to the total mass of the fluid that flows outward during the same time interval.
Law of conservation of energy: The energy of the system upon which it does work increases by exactly the same amount so the total energy of the system does not change.
Tar: A thick , brownish black, oily substance obtained by the distillation of wood, coal or peat.
Peat: A substance valuable as a fuel, formed of partly decayed vegetable matter and found principally in swamps and marshy places.
Drag: To pull by force or draw along slowly and heavily.
Drag force: A retarding force experienced by an object moving through a fluid.
Fluid friction: Resistive force experienced by a body when it moves through a fluid.
Laws of friction: i) The frictional force is independent of the area of contact ( for the same force holding the surfaces together ). ii) The frictional force is proportional to the force holding the surfaces together. In kinetic friction it is independent of the relative velocities of the surfaces.
Viscosity: The property of fluids by which they resist their flow due to the internal friction.
Coefficient of viscosity: It is equal to the tangential force per unit area required to maintain a unit relative velocity between its two layers, unit distance apart.
Stokes’ law: In fluid resistance; The drag force F of a sphere of radius r moving with a velocity v through a fluid of infinite extent is F = 6 π η r v, where η is the viscosity.
Terminal velocity: Maximum constant velocity of an object falling vertically downward.
Droplet: To fall in a small spherical mass of free liquid.
Density: The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume.
Laminar flow (or streamline flow): Smooth sliding of layers of fluid past each other.
Turbulent flow: Disorderly and changing flow pattern of fluids.
Incompressible: Which cannot be condense or press together.
Equation of continuity: The product of cross sectional area of the pipe and the fluid speed at any point along the pipe is a constant. This constant equals to the flow rate.
Bernoulli’s equation: In the steady frictionless motion of a fluid acted on by external forces which posses a gravitational potential ρgh , then
P + ½ ρ v2 + ρgh = constant
where P and ρ are the pressure and density of the fluid, v
is the velocity of the fluid along a streamline.
Bernoulli effect: The relation between the pressure in a steadily flowing fluid, and its velocity. “Where the speed is high, the pressure will be low”.
Torricelli’s theorem: The speed of efflux is equal to the velocity gained by the fluid in
falling through the distance (h1 – h2 ) under the action of
gravity.
Speed: i) The distance covered in unit time. ii) When a body moves, the rate of change of its position.
Pressure: At a point in a fluid, the force exerted per unit area on an infinitesimal plane situated at the point; P = F/a
Speed and pressure relation: Where the speed is high, the pressure will be low.
Aeroplane: An aircraft or flying machine, kept aloft by the reaction of motor-propelled planes upon the air.
Venturi relation: It is the following relation: P1 – P2 = ½ ρv2(Square)
Venturi-meter: A device used to measure speed of liquid flow.
Blood pressure: It is the force of blood against the walls of arteries.
Artery (pl: Arteries): One of the tubes, which carry blood from the heart.
Vein: One of the tube-like vessels, which carry the blood to or toward the heart.
Torr: A unit of pressure equal to a pressure of 133.322 pascals. It is equal to the mm of Hg.
Pascal: The SI unit of pressure, equal to a pressure of one Newton per square metre.
Systolic pressure: It is force of blood in the arteries as the heart beats.
Diastolic pressure: It is the force of blood in the arteries as the heart relaxes between beats.
Sphygmomanometer: An instrument used to measure blood pressure dynamically.
Valve: A fold in the wall of a blood vessel, canal, or other organ, which allows the contents to flow through it in one direction only.
Stethoscope: An instrument for examining the heart, lungs, or like organs of the body, by listening to the sounds which they make.
Globular protein: Any of a group of proteins that are generally insoluble in water and present in blood, eggs, milk and as a reserve protein in seeds.
Protein: Any of a large group of organic compounds found in all living organisms. Proteins compromise carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen also sulphur.
Aorta: Principal artery of the body that carries oxygenated blood to most other arteries in the body.
Gauge: An instrument for measuring, indicating or regulating the capacity, quantity, dimensions, power, amount of anything.
Duct: A passage or tube by which a fluid is carried.
Nobel Laureate/ prize: A fund of $ 9 million was set up. The interest of which is annually distributed among six important discoveries or inventions in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, literature, Economics, and for peace among nations. It is according to the will of Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833 – 1896).
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